Experiment 8 concave and convex mirrors

The purpose of this exploration is to gain knowledge on the reflecting images on concave and convex mirrors. We will explore the different images portrayed on the mirror whenever we move towards and away from the focal.

 

Convex mirror:

Answers to questions a-c

a)      In a convex mirror the image seems smaller

b)      The image is upright

c)      The image is behind the mirror

 

2) When the object is moved towards the mirror nothing seems to happens. The image does not depend on the distance of the image

3) When the object is moved away from the mirror the image is still in the same position. The image does not depend on the distance.

 

Here is the picture of the image and the calculated magnification.

 

9) The magnification value seems to be consistent with the sketch.

 

 

 Concave mirror

 

Answers to questions a-c

a)      In a concave mirror the image varies with position. The image is inverted and and as the object gets closer it increases in size but inverted until the focal point is approach then the image disappears, in front of the focal the image appears large but behind the mirror.

b)       The image is inverted if it is behind the focal point

c)      The image is in front of the mirror

 

2) The image increases size but inverted as the object gets closer

3) When the object is moved away the image seems to get smaller.

Here is the picture of the image and the calculated magnification.



 

9) The magnification value seems to be consistent with the sketch.

In conclusion we found out the image of a convex mirror does not depend on the distance of the object. This image is always virtual and erect. When we are using a concave mirror the image does depend on the distance on the object. As we get close to the mirror the image is always inverted and it gets bigger. When we hit the focal point the image disappears. As we pass the focal point the image is virtual and erect, and the magnification is bigger.

Experiment 7 Reflection and Refraction

Experiment 7

 

in this experiment we will begin to study optics first by beginning with reflection and refraction. In this experiment we should be able to understand Snells law and the variables that govern such equation.

Answers to questions pre starting lab.

 

a)      The angle will be 0

b)      The angle of refraction will also be 0

c)      As the light leaves the plastic, this light will diffuse in air due to the fact that the curve surface will cause the light to bend since it is not flat.

d)     The experiment will be a situation in which the light travels from an material of higher density to a material of lower density.

 

Answer to question #2

 

The light ray does behave as predicted when the angle is 0

 

here is the first measurements

liight hiting the acrylic straight edge first
incidence angle(θ1)	refraction angle(θ2)	sin (θ1)	(θ2)
10	7	0.1736	0.121
15	12	0.258	0.2
20	14	0.342	0.241
30	20	0.5	0.342
35	23	0.573	0.39
40	25	0.64	0.422
45	30	0.7	0.5
50	32	0.766	0.529
60	36	0.866	0.587
70	41	0.939	0.656

here is the graph of the sin(theta1)/sin(theta2) values with its proper linear function

Answers to questions 6,7,
answer to #6.
The slope represents the index of refraction of the air over the index of the acrilyc.

answer to #7

  Answers to questions pre starting part 2

a) The angle will be 0

b) The angle of refraction will also be 0

c) As the light leaves the plastic, this light will diffuse in air due to the fact that the curve surface will cause the light to bend since it is not flat.

d) The experiment will be a situation in which the light travels from an material of lower density to a material of higher density.

 

here is the second measurments

 

light hitting the acrylic with the circular edge first
incidence angle(θ1)	refraction angle(θ2)	sin (θ1)	(θ2)
0	0	0	0
5	7	0.087	0.121
10	15	0.173	0.258
15	24	0.258	0.406
20	35	0.34	0.57
30	53	0.5	0.79
40	75	0.64	0.96
44	90	0.69	1

 here is the graph of   sin(theta1)/sin(theta2) the values  and the linear equation of the slope

Answers to questions  6,7,
 answer to #6. 
the slope represents the index of refraction of the acrylic over the index of air

answer to #7                                  
                                  here is a brief explanation of how to come about to snells law.

 

Answers to questions 10,11,12.

10) 

For the second part we were not able to complete the 10 trials due to the fact that as we encounter the 45 degree angle the diffracted light disappeared This angle is called the critical angle.

11)
The slope of this second graph is 1.45 which is the ratio of the reflecting index of the acrylic over air

12)
Here is the equation

y = 1.4754x + 0.0199

 

In conclusion we found out how the ray of a light wave behaves when there is a change in media (medium). This light ray refracts when entering a different density medium.this refraction continues as the angle of incidence in creases. there is an angle when the angle of refraction will be just reflected and this angle is called the critical angle Also with our graphs we were able to obtain the index of refraction of the acrilyc and this helped us in understanding  Snells law.

Experiment 6

Electromagnetic  Radiation Lab

 

in this lab we will be analizing the electric fieal of an electromagnetic wave. This will be done by simulating a transmiter and a receiver. we will be investigating the electromagnetic variation in a receiver due to the distance of the transmiter.

 

 

here is some picture of how will the set up will look like.

 

 

 

 

 

 

we performed 3 tests to verify that the signal we were viewing on the osccilloscope is generated by the transmiter.

• moving the transmiter forward and bacwards.
• increasing the frequency and observing if the amplitude changed
• removing the transmiter to see if there is any signal in the oscilloscope

 

 

 

this is the data obtained as we moved the transmiter away from our antena.

 

 

here is our graph of position and peak to peak amplitude ther is a fit of 1/r and 1/r^2

 

 

the best fit fot this data is 1/r^2. this is true due to the fact that electromagnetic waves behave more like  1/r^2 in shorter distances.

 

here is the derivation in obtaining an equation for voltage.

 

 

now solving for Q in we obtain this equation. this equation will be used to find our total charge in the transmiter.

 

since we found Q, we can now find our theoretical values for our voltages.

 

 

here is the procedure in obtaining the uncertainity for each value

 

in sumary, we found out that waves carry voltage and that this voltage depend on the distance from where the signal is being produce. There is sevaral asumptions in this experiment that lead to a high uncertainity. asumptios like evaluating the entire charge of the small antena as being perceived in the receiver. 

 

 

 

 

Experiment 5 Introduction to sound

Experiment 5 Introduction to sound

 

Experiment we will be investigating the properties of sound propagation through air. We will be observing that this propagation of sound through air is still being controlled by the equation in this experiment we will be measuring sounds emitted by a person and we will analyze the propagation of speed trough air

 

 

 

 

 

 

answers to questions a-h

 

a) i think this wave is periodic because even it is not a simple sine pattern. This wave repeats itself in a complex pattern

b) in this graph we can see that there is a total of 3.5 waves during the interval of .03 sec

c) the probe collected data such as

d)  The probe collected data such as the blink of an eye.

e) The frequency of this wave is 125 hz. Here is a picture of the graph and the procedure in obtaining the frequency

f) The wave length of  the sound wave is 2.72 meters in air at room temperature relating this is about the size of a white board measured longwise

g) the amplitude is calculated by measuring the peak of the wave and the bottom of the other wave and divided by 2.  A=1.3

f)

If we make the sample 10 times as long the answer will not change because we will obtain the same frequency, the same period. The only difference would be that we would be seeing more waves.

2) here is the second graph with its propper frequency, period, amplitudea, and wave lenght.

3) the graph of the sound of  a tuning fork is more smooth. is more similiar to a sine function.

 

4)  Using the same fork but with sound that is less loud than the first one. this changes in the amplitude of the graph. But the wavelength the frequency stay the same

 

Analysis of this lab, we can observe that human voice is a wave that has a pattern but it is not smooth. The pattern of this wave has a very complex pattern. Even though this wave may seem complex, it is still easy to calculate the period and therefore calculate frequency and the wave length. On the other hand we can observe that the graphs of a tuning fork are are smoother than those of the human voice. We can also observe that the amplitude of the wave decreases when the sound is less loud.

 



Experiment 4 the standing wave

Experiment 4 the standing wave

 

For this experiment we will be investigating and gain knowledge on the components of waves. We will be focusing our attention in standing waves and the properties of such physical phenomena

You can see manual for procedure of settings for a standing wave experiment.

In this experiment we will be creating a standing wave with our variable frequency wave driver

.

 

 

 here are some images of how the experiment looks like

 

 

 

 

here is our measurments for the normal mode and firts several harmonics.These standing waves were created with a mass of 200 grams creating our tension in the string.



 

 as you can see in this illustration, we gave a reasonable  uncertainity for our measurments in order to have a reasonable uncertainty.



here is another picture of our measurments with their respective uncertainty. these standing waves were created with only 1/4 of the original mass. this 1/4 mass of the original is the cause of our tension in our string. we can also see that we also have the mas of our string and the lenght with the respective uncertainty in order to carry on with our calculations,

 

 case 1

1/wavelenght	frequency
0.253807107	22
0.510204082	44
0.766871166	59
1.020408163	77
1.282051282	97
1.538461538	120
1.694915254	130
2.040816327	170
2.325581395	190
2.702702703	200

here is the graph that represents the velocity

here is my calculated value for the velocity with Uncertainty

velocity obtained by the graph 77.24  velocity obtain by calculation 72.80 +-.48

 

case 2

1/ wavelength	frequency
0.267379679	10
0.757575758	24
1.041666667	39
1.282051282	50
1.515151515	59
1.818181818	70

velocity obtained by the graph 40.15  velocity obtain by calculation 35.92 +-.48 (the caculated value was obtain in the same format as the first calcutated value )

 

 

 

since mass of case 1 is 4 times greater, therefore my predictions were that the speed was going to be twice as much which happened to be true,

 

 

 

in conclusion we observe that as the mass increases we obtain a higher tension and this gives rise to a bigger velocity of the standing waves .